HATE SPEECH DURING THE CIVIL WAR IN SPAIN 1936–1939: MANIFESTATIONS IN HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26661/Keywords:
Civil War, Spain, hate speech, hate rhetoric, propaganda, dehumanization, prejudice, social aggression, intoleranceAbstract
The article is devoted to the study of hate speech manifestation features as one of the means of propaganda during the Civil War in Spain of 1936–1939. The proposed retrospective analysis is relevant due to the increasing usage of such concepts as «enmity», «hatred», and «hate speech» in the modern information world considering the intensification of wars and conflicts, hybrid, informational, and network confrontations. The manifestations and usage of hate speech have significantly increased both in the informational space and society due to the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2014–2024, which actualizes the study.
The study of manifestations of hate speech during the civil conflict in Spain was carried out mainly in the context of propaganda activities and never was a subject of stand-alone research. Referring to the studies of this issue, we should first of all consider the works of I. Gomez Viegas, F. Garcia Espania,
H. H. Morales Ruiz and F. Perez Varela. To conduct further research we are required to develop a more strict differentiation of concepts, characteristics manifestations, and influences of hate speech.
This article defines the concept of hate speech and the main criteria for its manifestation in Spanish society during the Civil War. The study focuses on analyzing magazines and newspapers, television and radio performances, posters, and public appeals. It is determined that audiovisual materials played an extreme role in the implementation of propaganda, due to the significant level of illiteracy among the Spain population in the 1930-s. The research concludes that representatives of all sides of the conflict were aiming to dehumanize the enemy and justify their actions by spreading hate speech in a variety of means.
The article highlights the transformation of semantic constructions used by opposite sides of the civil war in Spain and demonstrates the implementation of hate speech as a part of systemic propaganda. Cases given in the study became evidence of how hate speech was used as a tool to strengthen pro- paganda and incite hatred, violence, and aggression both in war zones and in Spanish society as such.
Dehumanization of the enemy, growing amounts of propaganda, and mani- festation of hate speech significantly influenced the very nature of the war.
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